Science And Technology by Balakumar

Definition: DNA replication is a fundamental process occurring in all living organisms to copy DNA. In this process, each strand of the parent double-stranded DNA molecule acts as a template for the synthesis of the complementary daughter strand. It proceeds from 5’ to 3’ direction. DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.   DNA replication  The first step in DNA replication is to ‘unzip’ the double helix structure of the  DNA ?  molecule. This is carried out by an  enzyme ?  called helicase which breaks the  hydrogen bonds ?  holding the  complementary ?   bases ?  of DNA together (A with T, C with G). The separation of the two single strands of DNA creates a ‘Y’ shape called a replication ‘fork’. The two separated strands will act as templates for making the new strands of DNA. One of the strands is oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction (towards the replicati...

Interesting Facts about Space  1.Space does not begin at a specific altitude above the Earth, but the Kármán line at 100 km is a commonly used definition. 2  The temperature in the void of space is about −270.45 °C. 3  Space is a hard vacuum, meaning it is a void containing very little matter. 4  There is no sound in space because molecules are too far apart to transmit sound. 5 The space between galaxies is not completely empty but has an average of one atom per cubic meter. 6 There are an estimated 100-400 billion stars in our galaxy, the Milky Way. 7 The universe is observed to be 13.8 billion years old and has been expanding since its formation in the Big Bang. 8 In the observable universe there are an estimated 2 trillion (2,000,000,000,000) galaxies. 9 The International Space Station is the largest ever crewed object in space. 10 Spacecraft have visited all the known planets in our solar system.   The Solar System Asteroid Bel...

ANATOMY OF KIDNEY Kidney is one of the major organs of human body It is the main organ in excretion process in our body  It's important role is to purify blood and remove unwanted waste products from our body The  kidneys  lie on either side of the spine in the retroperitoneal space between the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall, well protected by muscle, fat, and ribs. They are roughly the size of your fist, and the male  kidney  is typically a bit larger than the female  kidney . POSITION and SIZE The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs about 4 to 5 inches long that lie behind the abdominal cavity (between the abdominal cavity and the back muscles), one on each side of the vertebral column, slightly above the waistline. Each kidney of the adult human weighs about 150 grams and is about the size of a clenched fist. Structure  Kidney is a compound tubular gland covered by a connective ...

ENZYMES                                                An enzymes is a protein that facilitates a cellular metabolic process by lowering activation energy (Ea) levels in order to catalyze the chemical reactions between biomolecules. Some enzymes reduce the activation energy to such low levels that they actually reverse cellular reactions. But in all cases, enzymes facilitate reactions without becoming altered, like the way fuel burns when it's used. How They Work For chemical reactions to occur, molecules must collide under appropriate conditions that enzymes can help create. For example, without the presence of an appropriate enzyme, the glucose molecules and phosphate molecules in glucose-6-phosphate will remain bonded. But when you Introduce the hydrolase enzyme, the glucose and phosphate molecules sepa rate. Composition An enzyme's typical molec...

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